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Footnotes
[1] See e.g., Charles Choi, “The Brontosaurus Is Again”, Scientific American, 7/iv/2015. Additionally Forsman (2015).
[2] https://nhmu.utah.edu/articles/2023/05/how-we-came-see-dinosaurs-color
[3] https://information.mit.edu/2020/study-timing-dinosaurs-evolution-0729
[4] Buckland (1824, 390, 392). Buckland provides partial credit score for the identify to William Conybeare (1787–1857). The identify Megalosaurus was first recommended by James Parkinson (1755–1824). Parkinson (1822, 298). Cf. Paul (1988, 281).
[5] Even flying pterosaurs, of which stays had been discovered since late 1700’s, have been initially thought of to be marine animals due it being thought of extra doubtless for unknown species to dwell within the ocean depths. See Collini (1784). Cf. Taquet & Padian (2004); Osi, Prondavai & Géczy (2010).
[6] McGowan (2001, 88). On the time, the predominant scientific view was that animals don’t go extinct as it will be towards the nice chain of being, wherein all created beings are in good concord. Extinction would trigger lacking hyperlinks in that chain and be towards the pure order. Cuvier was one of many earliest supporters of extinction idea however was met with opposition all through his life. Considered one of his opponents was Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829) who thought that as a substitute of going extinct, species evolve into different species over time, which Cuvier opposed. Darwin’s idea of pure choice then defined that extinction and evolution could possibly be mutually inclusive.
[7] Ibid, 9. Anning was excluded outdoors of the tutorial analysis of her time as a consequence of her gender, regardless that she was usually extra deeply acquainted with the fossil findings she had made than the teachers who printed analysis papers on them, typically with out even mentioning her identify. See ibid, 11–27.
[8] Ibid, 10. Although he spent most of his analysis life amongst fossilized stays, Buckland himself was not one. He’s described as a energetic and entertaining lecturer, instantly dashing in direction of his college students waving a hyena cranium and shouting “What guidelines the world?” (The reply Buckland was anticipating was “the abdomen, sir”.) Ibid, 29.
[9] Mantell (1827, 67).
[10] Paus. 5.13; Hdt. 1.68. See Mayor (2000, chapter 3).
[11] See McGowan (2001, 1); Prothero (2019, 3); for an in depth have a look at early fossils, see Spalding and Sarjeant (2012).
[12] Ashmolean is the oldest public museum on the planet, established in 1677 in Oxford to deal with gadgets donated for the college by Elias Ashmole, together with the stuffed physique of the final dodo seen in Europe. At present, the dodo, in addition to the stays that Buckland named Megalosaurus, are exhibited on the Oxford College Museum of Pure Historical past. It appears that evidently gaining ample funding in academia was simply as tough within the 1600s as it’s at present, and it’s potential that Plot labored concurrently as a professor and as a curator because the fee from every was not sufficient to assist him.
[13] Plot (1677, 132).
[14] Ibid, 133.
[15] Ibid, 133–136.
[16] Ibid, 138.
[17] Though a system shut to what’s now often called bionomial nomenclature was already developed by Swiss brothers Johann (1541–1613) and Gaspard (1560–1624) Bauhin for botanical work round a century earlier, Linnaeus was the primary to systematically use a binomial taxonomy in his e book Systema Naturae (1st ed. 1736, tenth ed. 1758). For this, Linnaeus remains to be often called the “father of contemporary taxonomy.”
[18] Brookes (1763, 317–318). As an fascinating aspect observe, whereas the Cornwell fossil appears to have been the primary dinosaur discovery to be described, it was not the primary monumental fossil found in England. Plot refers to 2 giant tooth present in Essex through the reign of Richard I (1157–1199), and lists a number of different outsized bones and tooth present in numerous elements of England (Plot 1677, 134–135). One such discovery was made in 1666 in London, when upon flattening the St. Mary Woolchurch, which had been broken within the Nice Hearth of London, a thigh-bone “a lot larger and longer than ours of stone may in proportion be, had it been complete” was discovered (ibid, 135; cf. Brookes 1763, 318). Plot took this as extra proof that these have been human stays since “how Elephants ought to come to be buried in Church buildings is a query not simply answered, besides we are going to run to so groundless a shift, as to say, that probably the Elephants is perhaps there buried earlier than Christianity flourished in Britan and that these Church buildings have been afterward casually constructed over them” (Plot 1677, 315). Plot is clearly mocking, but he was nearer to the reality than he even realized. See additionally Sam Kriss, “Jurassic Lark”, First Issues, iii/2023.
[19] Brookes (1763, 317).
[20] Ibid. See Rieppel (2022, 941). Norman (1992, 173–174) calls it an “editorial error”.
[21] Robinet (1768, 31). See additionally Buffetaut (1979) and Rieppel (2022).
[22] Ibid. 19–20, Pl. 1, fig. 1. See Buffetaut (1979, 82).
[23] Robinet (1766), 209–210; 1768, 31. See Rieppel (2022, 942, 945).
[24] Although regardless of Delair and Sarjeant’s (2002, 186) declare, Robinet didn’t take into account the fossil to really be a scrotum.
[25] See esp. Rieppel (2022, 944).
[26] Phillips (1871, 164). Cf. Delair & Sarjeant (1975, 8); Rieppel (2022, 941).
[27] Halstead (1970)
[28] Ibid.
[29] Delair & Sarjeant (1975, 8).
[30] Halstead & Sarjeant (1993).
[31] Brookes (1763, 318).
[32] Halstead & Sarjeant (1993). See additionally Delair & Sarjeant (2002); Spalding & Sarjeant (2012, 10); Prothero (2019, 6–7).
[33] See e.g., Molnar, Kurnzanov & Dong (1990, 192) who record Scrotum humanum as a doubtful but distinct carnosaur.
[34] Rieppel (2022, 945); Mortimer, Mickey, “‘Scrotum humanum’ a torvosaur and Jurassic Chinese language theropod updates”, The Theropod Database, 9/i/2023.
[35] See e.g., Paul (1988, 280–281). For extra on taxonomic precedence regarding the notorious Brontosaurus vs. Apatosaurus case, see Forsman (2015). Scientific rigidity virtually got here to chew paleontologists on the bottom when in 2000 it was confirmed that Tyrannosaurus rex, one of the vital acknowledged and beloved dinosaur species, had already been named Manospondylus gigas by Cope in 1892, a full 13 years earlier than Cope named it the “King Tyrant Lizard.” See Larson (2008, 37–38, 50); Prothero (2019, 224). Cf. Osborn (1905); (1916). As an alternative of following precedence, most referred to the modified ICZN ruling from 1st of January 2000, stating {that a} identify that has been thought of legitimate for 50 years can’t be changed by a reputation that has been thought of invalid throughout the identical time, and rapidly modified the topic. Mike Taylor, “So why hasn’t Tyrannosaurus been renamed Manospondylus”, Miketaylor.org, 27/viii/2002; Matt Martyniuk, “What’s a Nomen Oblitum? Not What You In all probability Assume”, DinoGoss, 5/ix/2010. On the time of writing, no-one seems to have made an official utility for shielding the T. rex identify and the case appears to have been shoved underneath a rug.
[36] Delair & Serjeant (1975, 8); Rieppel (2022, 941); Mortimer (2023). The fossil can’t be the sort species T. tanneri as it’s from the later Callovian stage of the Jurassic. Megalosaurus and its clade Megalosauridae have although been handled as sort of a “wastebasket” for partial descriptions and unidentified mid-size theropod dinosaur discoveries. As such Megalosaurus has at one level or one other included a whole bunch of sub-species from 5 completely different continents, spanning 100 million years, with a number of of those sub-species been granted their very own genus (together with Carcharodontosaurus and Dilophosaurus). See Paul (1988, 281–282); Prothero (2019, 13).
[37] Llhuyd 1699, pl. 16. Reproduced in Delair & Sarjeant 2002, 186–187. Cf. Delair & Sarjeant 1975, 8.
[38] For a listing of those early fossils, pre-dating Buckland’s Megalosaurus specimen, see Delair & Sarjeant 1975, 8–12; 2002, 186–192. Cf. Spalding & Sarjeant 2012, 11–13; Prothero 2019, 5.
[39] See Osborn & Mook 1921, 279; Carpenter 2006, 134; Woodroff & Foster 2014. See additionally Forsman 2015. As a result of fossil materials being misplaced, most of Cope’s dimension estimates, which might have positioned Amphicoelias the most important vertebrate that has ever existed, have been discarded as exaggerations. In 2018, A. fragillimus was renamed Maraapunisaurus fragillimus as a consequence of taxonomic relocation (Carpenter 2018), rekindling new dimension estimates inserting it once more among the many largest recognized sauropods. See Paul (2019).
[40] Prothero (2019, 207–208).
[41] “Cease Saying That There Are Too Many Sauropod Dinosaurs”, TetZoo 17/iv/2020. Cf. Prothero (2019, 109–111).
[42] See Naish (2012); (2018). Cf. Ford, “A prehistoric revolution”, Laboratory Information, 3/iv/2012; 2018. My favourite a part of Naish’s reply is the next: “Ford particularly said that the tails of enormous dinosaurs have been too heavy to allow terrestrial life. Nevertheless, geometrical modelling carried out by dinosaur specialists and utilising methods considerably extra rigorous than Ford’s strategy of dunking toy dinosaurs in water most undoubtedly doesn’t discover even essentially the most substantial, most muscular dinosaurian tail to current any downside as goes terrestrial locomotion” (Naish 2012, 32).
[43] “Robert Plot’s Misplaced Dinosaur Bone”, TetZoo, 16/xii/2022.
[44] Plot (1677, 131).
[45] Ibid, 131–132.
[46] “Robert Plot’s Misplaced Dinosaur Bone”, TetZoo, 16/xii/2022.
[47] The Cornwell fossil isn’t the one instance right here: a large neogenic salamander Andrias scheuchzeri was initially described as Homo diluvia testis (“Human who witnessed the Flood”) by Johann Jakob Scheuchzer (1672–1733) in 1726. See Prothero (2019, 4). Apparently, no-one appears to have argued for the precedence of the identify, or claimed {that a} sure Pleistocene mammal must be renamed Orestes.
[48] “Robert Plot’s Misplaced Dinosaur Bone”, TetZoo, 16/xii/2022.
