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Monday, November 25, 2024

A hidden hazard lurks beneath Yellowstone


Mount Ontake in Japan rises 3,067 meters above sea stage — a windswept large standing head and shoulders above densely forested hills. This historical volcano is a well-liked trekking website. A path traverses its ash- and boulder-strewn ridges. There are a number of huts and a shrine. On September 27, 2014, hikers took benefit of a blue sky and delicate wind. At 11:52 a.m., over 100 of them stood on the summit, consuming snacks and taking images. Catastrophe struck with little warning.

The home windows and doorways of a close-by hut rattled, vibrated by a low-frequency shock wave inaudible to people.

Individuals glanced round curiously and rapidly noticed it — half a kilometer down the southwest slope, a grey cloud billowed from the mountain.

The ash cloud swept over the summit with a blast of scorching air, leaving individuals shaken and blinded, however in any other case unharmed. Disoriented in that grey fog, they couldn’t see what arrived quickly after.

Thud-thud. Thud. Rocks blasted out of the mountain rained down from the sky. The barren mountaintop supplied no shelter to those that desperately sought it within the swirling, gagging mud.

The tempo of hail quickened, as hundreds of thousands of rocks got here down — most smaller than baseballs however some as massive as seaside balls. Increasingly individuals fell.

Roughly one million tons of ash and rock spewed from the mountain that day, ejected by means of a number of craters that hadn’t existed a second earlier than. Fifty-eight individuals died, most killed by falling rocks. 5 others had been by no means discovered.

When scientists investigated the aftermath, they discovered no new lava flows and no freshly shaped ash. What exploded from the mountain wasn’t lava or fireplace; it was water.

A photograph of the 2014 phreatic explosion of Mount Ontake spewing gas and ash into the air
The phreatic steam explosion at Mount Ontake in Japan in 2014 shot tons of rock and previous volcanic ash into the air.The Asahi Shimbun through Getty Photographs

The explosion was powered by a seemingly innocuous pool of water, derived from rain and snowmelt, hidden beneath the floor. The water was all of a sudden heated from beneath, maybe by a burp of scorching gasoline from a deep magma chamber. The water flashed into steam.

Subterranean cracks had been pried aside as this vaporized water expanded to a whole bunch of instances its authentic quantity. This high-pressure wedge drove the cracks to the floor — blowing out holes that widened into craters because the escaping vapor flung rocks and previous ash into the air.

The tragedy at Ontake shouldn’t be distinctive. An analogous explosion killed 22 individuals and injured two dozen others on White Island off the coast of New Zealand in 2019 (SN: 6/18/21). Steam explosions can occur in lots of different locations across the globe, together with Greece, Iceland and Northern California.

Those that occur at lively volcanoes are referred to as phreatic explosions. They happen when underground water is all of a sudden heated by magma or gases. However related steam explosions, referred to as hydrothermal explosions, can occur in areas with out lively volcanoes. Like Ontake and White Island, damaging pressure comes from water increasing into steam.

Yellowstone Nationwide Park, the place no magma eruption has occurred in 70,000 years, has seen a whole bunch of hydrothermal explosions of assorted sizes. “In recorded historical past, it’s been solely small ones,” says Paul Bedrosian, a geophysicist on the U.S. Geological Survey in Lakewood, Colo. “However we all know [Yellowstone] is able to creating whoppers.”

Information tales usually speculate on whether or not Yellowstone’s huge magma system will awaken and erupt, however these hydrothermal explosions symbolize a far better threat right now (SN: 12/15/22).

Huge craters present that Yellowstone has seen explosions many instances bigger than the one at Mount Ontake. For a very long time, scientists thought that Yellowstone’s large explosions might need solely occurred beneath particular situations that existed hundreds of years in the past on the shut of the final ice age. However analysis in Yellowstone and different locations the place massive hydrothermal explosions occur means that perception is misplaced.

“These [big] hydrothermal explosions are very, very harmful,” says Lisa Morgan, a USGS scientist emerita and volcanologist in Denver who has spent 25 years finding out the largest explosions in Yellowstone’s historical past. “It may very nicely occur right now.”

Hydrothermal explosions usually happen with far much less warning than common magma eruptions. And reconstructing what triggers them, particularly the biggest ones, has proved difficult, says Shane Cronin, a volcanologist on the College of Auckland in New Zealand. “Globally, nobody has actually seen many of those occur,” he says. “They’re fairly mysterious.”

However Morgan is getting a clearer image of the triggers, and whether or not predicting the timing of those explosions could be attainable. Exploring the underside of Yellowstone’s largest lake, she and her colleagues have found a stressed panorama dotted with a whole bunch of beforehand unknown scorching vents, among the world’s largest hydrothermal explosion craters and the brittle geologic strain cookers that would someday unleash new explosions. Whereas Yellowstone Lake has essentially the most violent historical past, it’s turning into clear that different elements of the park may additionally produce massive blasts.


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